Nama : Aan Alfian
NPM : 10213006
Kelas : 1EA21
DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH
is
a way to report what someone has said or written, in the form of statements,
questions, or other speech, quoting his words exactly. In contrast to indirect
speech, speech delivered by changing the format to make it more clear, natural,
and efficient for the listener.
Contoh Kalimat Direct and Indirect
Speech:
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
“I plays basketball every saturday
night,” said Tommy.
(Saya main basket setiap sabtu malam.) |
Tommy said that he played
basketball every saturday night.
(Tommy mengatakan bahwa dia bermain basket setiap santu malam.) |
“I’ll be back soon,” he
said.
(Saya akan segera kembali.) |
He said that he would be back
soon.
(Dia mengatakan bahwa dia akan segera kembali.) |
Mengubah Direct Speech Menjadi
Indirect Speech
Secara umum direct speech dapat diubah menjadi indirect speech dengan menghilangkan quotation marks dan capital letter (huruf awal pada kata di dalam quotation marks yang dihilangkan), menambahkan kata that/whether/if,
menyesuaikan pronoun, verb, dan/atau time reference.
Contoh Perubahan:
Kalimat
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
Penjelasan
|
Statement(pernyataan)
|
“I like eating out,” said Vina.
(Saya suka makan diluar.) |
Vina said that she liked eating out.
(Vina mengatakan bahwa dia suka makan di luar.) |
Quotation marks dihilangkan, pronoun I diganti menjadi she (orang ketiga),
danverb like diubah menjadi past tense likeddengan asumsi Vina tidak lagi suka makan diluar atau
penyampai berita sekedar fokus dengan past conversation.
Namun verb bisa tetap like jika penyampai berita yakin pernyataan tersebut masih valid, misalnya karena disampaikan segera setelah penyampai berita mendengar perkataan tersebut. Lihat: Modifikasi verb pada reported speech |
Question(pertanyaan)
|
“Have you finished your homework?” he asked.
(Sudahkan kamu menyelesaikan PR?) |
He wanted to know whether I had finished my homework.
(Dia ingin tau apakah saya sudah menyelesaikan PR.) |
Whether/if ditambahkan
untuk menyampaikan berita berupa yes-no question yang telah didengar
sebelumnya.
|
Imperative(perintah, instruksi, saran)
|
“Wake up now!” she shouted.
(Bangun sekarang!) |
She told me to wake up at that time.
(Pada saat itu dia mengatakan pada saya untuk bangun.) |
Now (time) menjadi at that time atauthen, sedangkan verb menjadi infinitivepada reporting command.
Lihat: daftar time reference |
·
Direct
Speech / Quoted Speech
Saying
exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted
speech) Here what a person says appears within quotation marks
("...") and should be word for word.
For
example:
She
said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
Or
"Today's
lesson is on presentations", she said.
·
Indirect
Speech / Reported Speech
Indirect
speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to
enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.
When
reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use
reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because
obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs
therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For example:
Direct speech
|
Indirect speech
|
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.
|
He said he was going to the cinema.
|
- Tense change
As a rule when you report something someone has
said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the
right):
Direct speech
|
Indirect speech
|
|
Present simple
She said, "It's cold." |
›
|
Past simple
She said it was cold. |
Present continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online." |
›
|
Past continuous
She said she was teaching English online. |
Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999." |
›
|
Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999. |
Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years." |
›
|
Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching English for seven years. |
Past simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday." |
›
|
Past perfect
She said she had taught online yesterday. |
Past continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier." |
›
|
Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching earlier. |
Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived." |
›
|
Past perfect
NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived. |
Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes." |
›
|
Past perfect continuous
NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes. |
How
to Change Direct Being Reported Speech
Basically,
direct speech into reported speech altered by removing the quotation marks,
eliminate the capital letter in a sentence, adding that (optional), change the
pronoun (being the third), modifying the verb, correct the reference time (the
time mentioned in the conversation) and / Whether or add or if (conditional).
Here are a few explanations.
Time References
Perbandingan time references pada direct dan reported
speech adalah sebagai berikut.
Direct
Speech
|
Reported
Speech
|
here
|
There
|
last month/year
|
the month/year before, the
preceding month/year, the previous month/year
|
next month/year
|
a month/year later, the following
month/year, the next month/year
|
now
|
at that time, then
|
today
|
that day
|
tomorrow
|
a day later, the following/next
day
|
yesterday
|
the day before, the previous day
|
two days/weeks ago
|
two days/weeks before, two
days/weeks earlier
|
Contoh perubahan time reference:
Contoh
Kalimat Direct Speech
|
Contoh
Kalimat Reported Speech
|
“Will I receive the packet tomorrow?”
(Akankah saya menerima paket tsb besok?) |
He asked if he would receive the
packet the
following day.
|
“I have to return the book two days ago.”
(Saya harus mengembalikan buku tsb dua hari lalu.) |
She said that she had to return
the book two
days earlier.
|
Menambahkan whether atau if
Whether
or if a sentence is added to convey the
yes-no question that has been heard before. Yes-no question is a form of a
question that requires a yes or no answer.
Contoh:
Contoh
Direct Speech
|
Contoh
Kalimat Reported Speech
|
Keterangan
|
“Do you have a little time?”
(Apa kamu punya sedikit waktu?) |
He asked me if I had a little time.
|
Jawaban dari pertanyaan pada direct speech: Yes,
I do atau No, I don’t
|
“Have you heard the news?”
(Sudahkah kamu mendengar berita tsb?) |
She wanted to knowwhether I had heard the news.
|
Jawaban dari pertanyaan pada direct speech: Yes,
I have atau No, I haven’t
|
But
if the sentence Verbs in forms other than the PRESENT and PRESENT PERFECT time
then there is a change in the indirect sentence.
Example
:
-Simple Present to Simple Past
a. He told me, “I go to work
everyday.”
b. He told me that he went to work
everyday.
-Present Continuous to Past
Continuous
a. She told me, “I am playing music
now”.
b. She told me that she was playing
music then.
-Present Perfect to Past Perfect
a. They told me. “We have bought a
car”.
b. They told me that they had bought
a car.
-Simple Past to Past Perfect
a. He told me, “I went to Bandung
yesterday”.
b. He told me that he had gone to
Bandung yesterday.
-Simple Future to Future Past
a. He told me, “I will go to
university next year”.
b. He told me that he would go to
university the following year.
-Future Past to Future Past Perfect
a. She told me, “I should go there
if I were you.”
b. She told me that she would have
gone there if she had been me.
REFERENSI
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